Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
Studies in Science of Science is a premier international journal dedicated to advancing scientific research and innovation. Our publication features cutting-edge studies in science, technology policy, and technology management, offering valuable theoretical insights, research papers, survey reports, and case studies. With a focus on promoting innovation, fostering academic exchanges, and driving technology development, our journal serves as a platform for sharing knowledge and advancing scientific discourse. In addition to our main sections covering scientific theory, technology development strategy, and policy, we also feature columns on technology management, book reviews, academic trends, and more. Join us in exploring the forefront of scientific inquiry and shaping the future of technology.
A NEW EXISTENCE RESULT OF UNIQUE SOLUTION FOR CLASS OF FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS INVOLVING SEQUENTIAL OPERATORS AND NONLINEAR PERTURBATIONS IN WEIGHTED SOBOLEV SPACES
In this work, we investigated a class of fractional differential boundary value prob lems characterized by sequential operators and nonlinear perturbations. By converting the original system into an equivalent integral formulation, we can apply Banach’s fixed point theorem to study the existence of a unique solution to the system under appropriate assumptions on the nonlinearities. The results presented here not only unify several previ ously known results but also extend them to a broader class of fractional systems involving sequential operators.
Riemann–Liouville fractional differential equation, non-local conditions, weighted Sobolev spaces, fixed point theorem, Mittag-Leffler function, fractional derivatives. AMS Classification: 34A08; 34A34; 34L30
Copyright (c) -1 Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053
WEIGHT REDUCTION THROUGH A FLEXIBLE DIETARY AND SLEEP INTERVENTION WITH MOTIVATIONAL REINFORCEMENT AMONG WOMEN WITH OBESITY: A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL TIME SERIES STUDY
Background: Obesity is a growing global health concern influenced by complex interactions between dietary behavioral and metabolic factors while physical activity is commonly emphasized in weight management it's necessity in achieving weight loss remains debated particularly in populations with limited access to structured exercise. Methods: Pre-experimental (one group pretest-post-test design) study was conducted among 65 obese women to evaluate the effectiveness of structured lifestyle intervention focusing on dietary regulation and sleep optimization. Body weight was measured at baseline and across three follow-up periods additional data on socio- demographic characteristics, clinical variables, and laboratory parameters were collected. Statistical analysis included repeated measured and ANOVA, independent sample t-test, and Pierson correlation. Results: Significant reduction in mean by the way it was observed decreasing of from (88.64 5.66 kg) at baseline to (79.20 4.88 kg) at the final follow up (P˂ value 0.001). Weight loss was consistent across participants with no significant difference observed according to age, party, constructive use, or gestational diabetes (P value 0.05). Sleep duration improved substantially however it was not directly associated with what you wait outcomes. significant inverse correlations were identified between body weight and both vitamin D (r=-0.420, p ˂ value 0.001) and TSH levels (r=0.562, p˂ 0.001). Menstrual cycle regularity was the only variable significant associated with weight outcomes (p=0.022). Findings demonstrate that a structured dietary and sleep-based intervention can achieve significant weight reduction independent of regular physical activity. These results highlight the potential of non-exercise centered approaches for weight management particularly in settings with limited opportunities for physical activity. Conclusion: The flexible dietary on the sleep intervention with motivational reinforcement significantly improve weight management outcomes among women with obesity.
Obesity, Weight loss, Dietary intervention, Sleep, Woman lifestyle modification
THE EFFECT OF A PROPOSED TRAINING PROGRAM ON IMPROVING THE MUSCLE STRENGTH OF THE ARMS WITH THE UPWARD STRIKE SKILL AND THE FEET WITH THE FORWARD STRIKE SKILL AMONG KICKBOXING PLAYERS
Introduction: Kickboxing performance relies on forceful actions and repeated strikes, requiring optimum upper and lower limb strength. Objectives: To see whether a proposed strength-oriented training program affects sport-specific arm muscle strength as assessed through upward strike performance in kickboxing players and forward strike performance as secondary outcome. Methods: The research was done using a controlled pre–post study design at Tiger Kickboxing Academy (Zarqa, Jordan) between August 1, 2024 and November 30, 2024. Fourteen male kickboxing athletes (black belt; ≥18 years; M=22.2 years, SD=4.5 years) were allocated to an experimental (n=7) that performed the proposed program plus regular training or a control (n=7) group which continued regular training. Standardized sport-specific tests were done pre- and post-intervention to measure outcomes. Between-group differences at post-test were assessed through ANCOVA adjusting for baseline. Results: The performance of the upward strike improved in the experimental group (15.33±2.45 to 18.51±2.76) while not improving significantly in the control group (14.82±2.12 to 15.22±2.37); ANCOVA showed a significant group effect (F=22.54, p=0.001). The experimental group exhibited improved forward strike performance from 19.54±3.62 to 22.35±3.33. Conclusion: The training program for kickboxing athletes was helpful in improving sport-specific arm strength as observed. There is a need for larger clinical trials.
kickboxing; resistance training; muscular strength; striking performance; ANCOVA
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BREAD FORTIFIED WITH POMEGRANATE PEEL POWDER: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO FOOD WASTE VALORIZATION AND NUTRITIONAL ENHANCEMENT
Pomegranate peel, a by-product of the juice industry, accounts for substantial food waste, estimated at 1.62 million tons globally. This research investigates the potential of pomegranate peel powder as a functional ingredient that may be used to enhance the nutritional profile of bread while being friendly to the environment. The study included the incorporation of different percentages of pomegranate peel powder into wheat flour formulations at 5%, 10%, and 15%. It comprised an assessment of the functional properties, chemical composition, sensory evaluation, and staling rates using the standardized protocols. The results showed that pomegranate peel powder significantly enhanced the dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in bread, improved the retention of moisture, and slowed down staling. The sensory evaluation further showed that 5% pomegranate peel powder - enriched bread had excellent acceptability scores with enhanced nutrition without compromising on sensory quality. Future prospects involve additional research into synergistic effects between pomegranate peel powder and other functional ingredients. The formulation with gluten-free systems can expand market appeal. Conclusively, the incorporation of pomegranate peel powder in bread formulation is a potential strategy to waste reduction and developing healthier food products that respond to contemporary dietary needs and sustainability goals.
Pomegranate peel powder, Food waste, Nutritional enhancement, Bread formulations, Antioxidant properties, Dietary fiber, Sustainability
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM
Indian Banking System is very important in the economic growth of the country as it mobilises savings, makes investment possible, enhances financial inclusion and aids in industrial and agricultural development. The banking industry has gone through many changes over the years because of economic reforms, technological advances, digitalization and regulatory changes. Liberalization policies, financial inclusion programs and digital banking have contributed to making banking more efficient and accessible. This paper is a review paper which discusses the evolution, structure, reforms, digital transformation, challenges and future direction of the Indian banking system. The study compiles all the available information in the literature to give a thorough understanding of the development of the sector and its role in economic growth. The review also highlights new issues like cyber security threats, non-performing assets and competition from FinTech companies. The paper ends with a call to action for the need of innovation, regulatory support and sustainable banking practices to promote the future growth and stability of the Indian banking sector.
Indian Banking System, Digital Banking, Financial Inclusion, Banking Reforms, FinTech, Reserve Bank of India
AUDIT QUALITY AND VALUE RELEVANCE OF LISTED CONGLOMERATE COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
This study examines the effect of audit quality on the value relevance of accounting and market performance indicators of listed conglomerate companies in Nigeria. Employing an ex post facto panel approach, data from the audited annual reports of selected listed conglomerate companies over the period 2010 to 2024 were examined. Audit quality proxied by auditor type was measured using Big Four and non-Big Four audit firm-classification. While value relevance was measured with earnings per share (EPS), book value per share (BVPS), and market value per share (MVPS). Panel data regression analysis was employed, and the random effects model was selected as the most appropriate estimator based on Hausman test. The results revealed that audit quality had a negative and statistically non-significant effect on earnings per share, indicating that earnings performance was largely influenced by firm-specific operational and macroeconomic factors rather than audit quality alone. Similarly, audit quality was found to have a negative and statistically significant effect on book value per share, suggesting that higher audit quality promotes conservative financial reporting practices and discourages inflated equity valuations. Furthermore, audit quality exerted a positive and statistically significant effect on market value per share, reflecting enhanced investor confidence and improved credibility of financial statements associated with high-quality audits. While high-quality audits significantly enhance market-based valuation measures, they impose conservative constraints on accounting-based measures. This study recommends that policymakers should integrate high-quality auditing with robust corporate governance and performance-driven strategies to improve overall firm value.
Audit Quality, Value Relevance, Conglomerate Companies
MODELING DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF CONDITIONAL VARIANCE IN CRUDE OIL PRICES: THE BEKK AND CCC-GARCH FRAMEWORK
This study investigates the dynamic behavior of conditional variance and covariance among benchmark crude oil prices; Brent, Dubai and West Texas Intermediate using multivariate GARCH frameworks of Diagonal BEKK-GARCH and Constant Conditional Correlation (CCC-GARCH) models. The data used in this study were obtained from US Energy Information Administration (EIA). The data set consists of weekly prices of three major oil benchmarks: Brent crude oil, Dubai crude oil, and West Texas Intermediate. The Diagonal BEKK-GARCH results reveal statistically significant short-term responses to shocks and strong persistence in volatility, highlighting the clustering effect of typical crude oil markets. Positive definiteness in the BEKK model’s covariance matrix confirms model stability and appropriate specification. The CCC-GARCH model identifies sustained volatility with near-unit root behavior and confirms strong static correlation between Brent and WTI, while showing moderate interdependence with Dubai/Oman. However, the CCC-GARCH model offers deeper insights by capturing the time-varying nature of variances, if the correlation between series remains constant over time. The findings reveal major implications for financial risk management, energy market forecasting, and macroeconomic policy. The study emphasizes the need for investors to adopt adaptive hedging techniques and recommends the use of dynamic correlation models for better prediction of volatility and asset co-movements. Policymakers in oil-exporting nations can leverage these insights to inform the design of stabilization mechanisms, sovereign wealth strategies, and counter-cyclical fiscal interventions. The study provides a robust empirical foundation for financial and policy decisions in volatile global energy markets.
Dynamic Behavior, Crude Oil Prices, Volatility, Persistence, MGARCH models
PREDICTING NIGERIA CRUDE OIL PRICE UNDER STRUCTURAL BREAKS AND VOLATILITY USING FACEBOOK PROPHET AND HYBRID MODELS
Predicting crude oil prices accurately is crucial for effective economic strategies, risk mitigation, and policy development in economies reliant on oil. This research presents an innovative hybrid forecasting system that combines Prophet trend analysis, ARIMA and SARIMA models for modeling volatility, and machine learning techniques for residual learning. This approach aims to thoroughly account for long-term trends, seasonal variations, nonlinear behaviors, volatility clustering, and structural breaks found in Nigeria's daily crude oil prices. We analyze crude daily price spanning from January 1986 to December 17, 2025, to maintain high-frequency data essential for short-term market assessments. Initial time plot indicates significant nonlinearity, heavy-tailed distributions, volatility clustering, and multiple structural breaks connected to major global occurrences such as the oil price crash from 2014 to 2016, the COVID-19 crisis, and ongoing geopolitical conflicts. Tests for stationarity demonstrate that price at levels exhibit non-stationarity, whereas returns series are stationary, supporting the application of ARIMA models. The evaluation of ARIMA and SARIMA models, Prophet (both linear and logistic), machine learning (Random Forest, ANN, MLP), and hybrid methods show that ARIMA and SARIMA models provide better accuracy for short-term forecasts, while Prophet model capture medium- to long-term trends and calendar influences. Hybrid statistical model combinations preserve the predictive capacity of ARIMA, and more complex hybrid systems to enhance forecast reliability in the presence of structural breaks and high level of volatility. When the machine learning techniques are used in isolation, the results show inferior calibration and greater error metrics despite achieving some improvements in managing nonlinear trends. The findings add to the current body of knowledge by illustrating how hybrid frameworks merge statistical precision with adaptable trend and volatility components yield strong and pertinent forecasts for risk-driven crude oil markets. These conclusions are significant for investors, policymakers, and stakeholders in the energy sector who are navigating the challenges of volatile oil markets.
Crude; Oil; Price, Forecasting; Prophet, GARCH, ARIMA, SARIMA; Machine Learning, Hybrid Models
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF VIRULENCE MECHANISMS, MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION, BIOFILM FORMATION, QUORUM SENSING, AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
The Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well known for causing serious infections in people, especially those with compromised immune systems. It is often associated with burn wounds, urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. The production of many virulence factors, such as exotoxin A, elastase, proteases, and the pigment pyocyanin, which enable bacterial survival and cause host tissue damage, is primarily responsible for this organism's pathogenic potential. To regulate the expression of virulence genes and facilitate communication between bacterial cells within a population, quorum sensing is crucial. Additionally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa's ability to form biofilms enhances its persistence in clinical settings and protects it from antimicrobial agents. The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant strains has also become a significant challenge, complicating treatment. This review provides an overview of the key characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including its virulence factors, associated diseases, quorum-sensing systems, biofilm formation, and patterns of antibiotic resistance. A clear understanding of these mechanisms is important for developing effective therapeutic strategies to manage infections caused by this pathogen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, molecular identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Virulence factors, Quorum sensing, Biofilm formation, Antibiotic resistance, Opportunistic pathogen
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ALONG THE SIRHIND CANAL, PUNJAB, INDIA
water quality compliance of surface water and groundwater resources along the Sirhind Canal region of Punjab, India, were evaluated and compared. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, major ions, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and selected heavy metals were determined in the samples. The findings indicated that the quality of surface water was comparatively good, with the majority of the parameters in desirable limits as mentioned in BIS and WHO standards. Groundwater, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of TDS, Hardness, NO3, F, Fe, As, Pb, and U, with some concentrations that were above the recommended limits. High positive values of correlation between some of the elements showed that mineral dissolution, groundwater–rock interaction and agriculture as such have an influence on some of the elements: EC, TDS, hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and sulphate. Heavy metal assessment also showed an increase in heavy metal content in the groundwater when compared to surface water. In general, this study indicates good quality of surface water and the importance of regular monitoring, groundwater treatment, and proper management of groundwater resources to safeguard the environment and public health in the Sirhind Canal region.
Surface Water, Groundwater, Sirhind Canal, Physico-Chemical Parameters, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Assessment, Correlation Analysis, BIS Standards, WHO Standards, Punjab
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL MUFFINS ENRICHED WITH POMEGRANATE PEEL POWDER: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO FOOD WASTE VALORIZATION
Pomegranate peel, a major by-product of pomegranate processing, is rich in dietary fiber, minerals, and bioactive compounds, making it a promising ingredient for the development of value-added food products. The present study aimed to develop nutritionally enriched muffins by incorporating pomegranate peel powder at different levels and to evaluate their sensory acceptability. Pomegranate peels were dried, powdered, and analyzed for their proximate and mineral composition. Muffins were prepared by partially replacing whole wheat flour with pomegranate peel powder at levels of 3 g, 6 g, and 8 g, while a control sample without pomegranate peel powder was also developed. Nutritional analysis revealed that pomegranate peel powder contained appreciable amounts of crude fiber (17.30 g/100 g), calcium (330.56 mg/100 g), iron (6.28 mg/100 g), and potassium (144.60 mg/100 g). Sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale by a semi-trained panel. Among all formulations, muffins containing 6 g pomegranate peel powder achieved the highest overall acceptability score (8.61), followed by 3 g pomegranate peel powder, control, and 8 g pomegranate peel powder samples. The findings suggest that pomegranate peel powder can be successfully incorporated into muffins to enhance their nutritional quality while promoting the sustainable utilization of food processing by-products.
Pomegranate peel powder; Muffins; Food waste utilization; Nutritional enrichment; Functional foods; Sensory evaluation; Bakery product fortification
SINGLE- AND REPEATED-DOSE INHALATION TOXICITY OF MEDICINAL CIGARETTES WITH ANTITUSSIVE AND EXPECTORANTS IN ICR MICE
Antitussives suppress coughing, possibly by reducing brain cough center activity, while expectorants thin mucus to help loosen congestion and clear airways. Inhaling antitussives and expectorants, involving using inhaled vapors or aerosolized medications to manage cough and mucus, allow for direct inhalation into the respiratory tract to provide faster relief. However, the reported adverse effects raised question as to whether inhaling antitussives and expectorants directly can pose risks. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the toxicological profile of medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants, though single- and repeated-dose toxicity test. Male and female ICR mice were received by whole-body inhalation at target mainstream smoke concentrations of 95 mg/m3 total particulate matter (TPM) of medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants in the single-dose toxicity test. In the repeated-dose toxicity study, no mortality or behavioral signs of toxicity were observed, indicating the LD50 was higher than 95 mg/m3 in the exposure period and the following 2 weeks observation period. In the repeated-dose inhalation toxicity study, the potential toxic effects of medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants were examined using ICR mice exposed for 4 weeks, by whole-body inhalation at target mainstream smoke concentrations of 15.7, 27.9 and 47.5 mg/m3 TPM, while control rats were exposed to filtered air. There was no significant difference observed in the body weights, feed consumption, relative organ weights, haematological, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, and serum biochemical findings. The histopathologic examination also did not show any differences in vital organs. These data suggested that medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants used in this study did not produce any marked repeated-dose toxic effects up to a maximum concentration of 47.5 mg/m3 TPM.
Single- and repeated-dose toxicity; whole-body inhalation; Medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants; Mice
GENOTOXICITY OF MEDICINAL CIGARETTES WITH ANTITUSSIVE AND EXPECTORANTS
Antitussive and expectorants cigarettes refers to tobacco-free herbal cigarettes designed to soothe respiratory irritation and reduce coughing. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants through an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102, an in vivo chromosome aberration test, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. In the AMES test, medicinal cigarettes with antitussive and expectorants at concentrations of up to 33 μg/plate showed no genotoxicity regardless of S9 mix. No chromosome aberrations appeared in 47.5 mg/m3 total particulate matter (TPM). Nor was there a significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes up to 47.5 mg/m3 TPM detected in the micronucleus test. These results confirm that antitussive and expectorants cigarettes are neither mutagenic nor clastogenic.
Genotoxicity; Ames test; Chromosome aberration test; Micronucleus test; Medicinal cigarette with antitussive and expectorants; Mice
THE AVIAN BIODIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE IBN NAJM WETLAND, IRAQ
Objective: A sensitive bio-indicators, water-birds provide essential insights into the ecological status for any aquatic ecosystem. Ibn Najim Marsh, a seasonal freshwater wetland of global importance in Iraq. This study assessed the waterbird community and its relationship with physicochemical water parameters in Ibn Najim Marsh during the winter and spring seasons of 2025. Methods: Bird surveys were conducted using line transect distance sampling across two representative sites. water quality parameters, including (T, EC, TDS, pH, DO, BOD₅, T.P, and T.N. were analyzed following standard protocols. Results: A total of 41 bird species from 12 families were recorded, with species richness and abundance exhibiting strong seasonal variation. The highest diversity and abundance were observed during winter and spring. The family Laridae (gulls) dominated the community, particularly in winter, with Chroicocephalus genei being the most abundant species. Water quality parameters also varied seasonally, winter was characterized by higher EC (up to 2300 µS/cm), TDS (up to 1740 mg/L), and DO (up to 8.8 mg/L), while spring showed higher temperatures and nutrient (T.P and T.N) concentrations. Conclusion: Ibn Najim Marsh functions as a critical wintering and stopover site for migratory waterbirds along the Central Asian flyway. The pronounced seasonal fluctuations in both bird communities and water quality underscore the marsh’s sensitivity to hydrological regimes and anthropogenic stressors such as agricultural runoff and water diversion.
Avian, water quality, biodiversity, Ibn Najim Marsh, wetland
BETWEEN THE HAGUE AND THE HYBRID: COMPARATIVE DEFENCE RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL AND HYBRID CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS
This article examines how structural differences between international criminal tribunals and hybrid courts affect the protection and practical functioning of defence rights. While both models formally endorse fair trial guarantees and equality of arms, their institutional designs produce divergent outcomes in practice. Through a comparative analysis of The Hague-based tribunals and selected hybrid courts, the study shows that defence rights are more consistently operationalised in fully international institutions due to greater structural independence, standardised legal aid systems, and autonomous defence structures. By contrast, hybrid tribunals embedded within domestic legal systems and reliant on host-state cooperation often translate international defence standards into uneven and constrained practice. The article argues that these structural limitations risk reducing defence rights to symbolic guarantees, undermining procedural fairness and the legitimacy of international criminal justice. By focusing on the functional consequences of institutional design, this study contributes to socio-legal and criminological scholarship on international courts and highlights the central role of the defence in sustaining credible justice mechanisms.
International criminal justice, Defence rights, Hybrid tribunals, Equality of arms, Fair trial, Institutional design
MANUFACTURING AND PROPERTIES OF FIBER- REINFORCED POLYMERS (FRPS)
Composite materials have emerged as the most promising and distinguished materials of the current era. Today, there is a growing emphasis on composites reinforced with fibers made from either synthetic or natural materials due to increasing demands for lightweight yet strong materials for specific purposes in various industries. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites offer not just a high strength-to-weight ratio but also exhibit outstanding characteristics such as durability, stiffness, damping ability, flexural strength, and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire. These extensive and varied features have resulted in the widespread adoption of composite materials across mechanical, construction, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, marine, and other manufacturing sectors. The performance of composite materials largely relies on their components and the manufacturing processes involved. Therefore, it is essential to study the functional properties, classifications, and manufacturing methods of different fibers available globally in order to determine the optimal characteristics of the material for specific applications. This paper provides an overview of a wide range of fibers, including their properties, functionality, classifications, and various manufacturing techniques used in creating fiber composites. The aim is to identify the most suitable fiber-reinforced composite material for significant applications. Due to their exceptional performance across various fields, fiber-reinforced composite materials have emerged as a promising alternative to individual metals or alloys.
Composite, Polymer, FRP, Filament winding, RTM
DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN BANK ENTRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR LOCAL BANKS AND THE ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY
This study investigates the determinants of foreign bank entry: implications for local banks and the Ethiopian economy, where the banking sector has historically been protected from direct foreign participation but is now moving toward controlled liberalization. The reform raises important questions about competition, profitability, operational efficiency, service quality, financial inclusion, access to credit, technological advancement, innovation, and financial stability. The objective of the study was to assess how foreign bank entry is expected to affect Ethiopian local banks and the wider economy through four dimensions: market share and profitability, operational efficiency and service quality, financial inclusion and access to credit, and technological advancements and innovation. A convergent parallel mixed-methods research design was employed to combine numerical evidence with contextual interpretation. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires from 412 banking-sector respondents, while qualitative data were gathered through 25 semi-structured interviews with key informants from banking, regulatory, and policy-related institutions. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression assumption testing, and multiple regression analysis, whereas the qualitative data were analyzed thematically and integrated with the quantitative results through triangulation. The findings indicate that stakeholders generally expect foreign bank entry to create positive implications for local banks and the Ethiopian economy, although they also recognize transitional risks. Descriptive results show agreement across all major dimensions, with operational efficiency and service quality receiving the highest mean score, suggesting strong expectations for improved banking operations, service delivery, customer responsiveness, and institutional performance. Correlation results revealed positive and statistically significant relationships between all independent variables and the perceived implications for local banks and the domestic economy. The regression model explained 67.9% of the variance in the dependent variable, demonstrating strong explanatory power. All four predictors had statistically significant positive effects. Financial inclusion and access to credit emerged as the strongest predictor, followed by technological advancements and innovation, market share and profitability, and operational efficiency and service quality. The qualitative findings supported these results by showing that foreign bank entry is expected to improve credit access, digital transformation, service modernization, competitive discipline, and strategic adaptation among domestic banks. At the same time, participants highlighted risks related to local-bank readiness, market-share pressure, profitability decline, customer migration, regulatory capacity, and financial stability. The study concludes that foreign bank entry can support Ethiopia’s banking-sector modernization and economic development if it is implemented through careful sequencing, strong prudential regulation, and active preparation by local banks. The study recommends that local banks invest in digital banking, cybersecurity, staff capacity, customer-service improvement, risk management, product innovation, and inclusion-oriented credit products. It also recommends that regulators and policymakers strengthen supervision, consumer protection, financial-inclusion policy, regulatory capacity, and technology governance to ensure that foreign bank entry promotes stable, inclusive, competitive, and sustainable financial-sector transformation. Overall, the results suggest that liberalization should be evaluated not merely by the presence of foreign banks, but by its ability to expand credit, transfer technology, improve service standards, strengthen domestic competitiveness, and protect the stability of Ethiopia’s financial system.
foreign bank entry, local banks, financial inclusion, access to credit, technological advancements, operational efficiency, Ethiopia
REVIEW ARTICLE ON OCULAR INSERTS FOR GLAUCOMA
The eye is a sensitive organ, and the administration of drugs into the ocular cavity is a tedious task. A neurological condition linked to intraocular pressure in the eye is called glaucoma. It gradually damages the optic nerve, which results in visual loss and reduced contrast sensitivity. Ocular insert is the prominent technique to overcome problems associated with conventional dosage forms like repeated administration, drug drainage via lacrimal fluids drainage, formation of crystalline deposits on the cornea, pH instability, pulsed dosing of drugs, etc. Ocular inserts are sterile, thin, multi-layered delivery devices made of biodegradable drug material that are put into the lower eyelid to release medication over an extended period of time. This prolonged contact time with the eye may boost the medication's bioavailability. Ocular inserts increase patient convenience by avoiding the frequent delivery of lower dose dumping into the eye, whereas eye drops necessitate frequent drug administration and medication loss reduces bioavailability. To boost the bioavailability, it releases the drug into the eye through osmosis, diffusion, bioerosion, and continuous release. Based on their solubility profile, ocular inserts are divided into three categories: soluble, insoluble, and bioerodible. It is made using the glass substrate process, hot melt extrusion, gel foam disc, solvent casting, and mold preparation. The goal of this study is to provide a thorough analysis of ocular inserts as a cutting-edge glaucoma medication delivery system.
Eye, Intraocular Pressure, Glaucoma, Ophthalmic, Ocular inserts, Sterile, Drug Delivery, Bioavailability
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLOATING POINT MULTIPLICATION USING VEDIC MATHEMATICS - A REVIEW
Floating-point multiplication is a critical operation in digital computing and signal processing, requiring efficient and accurate methods to handle a wide range of numerical values. Traditional algorithms, such as those based on the IEEE-754 standard, offer robustness but may lack the efficiency needed for high-speed applications. This review explores the application of Vedic mathematics, an ancient Indian system of arithmetic, to the design and analysis of floating-point multiplication algorithms. By leveraging Vedic multiplication sutras (formulas), this review presents a comparative analysis with conventional methods, highlighting improvements in speed, area, and power efficiency. The paper also discusses implementation challenges and future research directions in integrating Vedic mathematics with modern computing architectures.
Arithmetic algorithms, Computational efficiency, Digital signal processing, Floating-point multiplication, IEEE-754 standard, Vedic mathematics
POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES
Poverty and unemployment affect health care access and outcomes for chronic illness patients because they are key social determinants of health. The author of this manuscript illustrates the complex relationship between chronic illness and poverty. It is shown that how poverty impacts the likelihood of chronic disease and further, how chronic disease may itself deepen poverty via loss of income, job loss, out-of-pocket expenditure, cost of medication, and diminished capacity to work, etc. Unemployment worsens disease management by creating financial stress, disrupting insurance coverage, limiting access to medication and reducing continuity of care. Patients with chronic conditions who are low-income face several barriers including lack of insurance, transport problems, geographic distance, low health literacy, stigma, inadequate social support, and low availability of affordable primary care. Financial impediments can cause treatment to be delayed, patients to bypass taking their medications, and other complications. The paper asserts that efficacious management of chronic diseases goes beyond clinical care; instead it requires universal health coverage, subsidized care, patient-centered medical homes, community health workers, integrated care model, health-literacy support and policies that shield patients at risk of catastrophic heath expenditure and more. For chronic disease and health equity outcomes, tackling poverty and unemployment is particularly important.
Poverty; Unemployment; Chronic diseases; Health-care access; Health equity
DIGITAL MEDICINE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY: A SOCIOMEDICAL REVIEW OF TELEHEALTH ACCESS
The emergence of digital medicine has improved the delivery of health-care but, it has also exposed new forms of social inequalities. Access to telehealth as a multi-dimensional sociomedical issue. Numerous forces shape the issue of access to telehealth. Affordability, availability, acceptability, usability, and timeliness are important. Because telehealth can break down geographical and logistical barriers to care, many populations don’t benefit equally. The ability to access video consultation, web portals, remote monitoring, and digital follow-up may reduce among the low-income, elderly, rural community members, persons with disabilities, migrants, linguistically diverse people and patients with low digital literacy. The review states that telehealth use is strongly affected by device ownership, the affordability of internet and platform design, and reimbursement and trust in digital care. In order for telehealth equity to be realized, more than simply having access to the technology is required. Continuity of care, communication, privacy, satisfaction, and clinical outcomes have to be comparable. To tackle digital health disparities, we must invest in broadband investments, subsidize devices, and train consumers on the digital world. This means creating multilingual telehealth services, platforms designed from users’ perspectives, inclusive reimbursement models, and hybrid care pathways driven by patients. Understanding telehealth as a technology will limit understanding about its proper use and impact which is basically a function of access to resources, skills, institutional support etc. which can be better addressed by framing it as a social intervention. If digital medicine does not take a fair approach it may reproduce or exacerbate existing inequalities.
Digital medicine; Telehealth access; Social inequality; Digital health literacy; Health equity
ONSET OF MARANGONI CONVECTION IN A LAYER OF FLUID THROUGH POROUS MEDIA MODULATED BY A WEAK NON PLANAR OSCILLATORY SHEAR
In this paper we are considering the possibilities of controlling surface tension driven convection in space experiments involving fluid interfaces, the problem onset of Marangoni convection in a horizontal layer of fluid through porous media, possessing a deformable free surface and subject to a nonplanar oscillation of shear due to motion of the lower plate is studied. Results show that the long wavelength mode destabilized. The modulation effect rises at finite frequency and tends to zero in both small and large frequency.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS (THYMUS VULGARIS AND ORIGANUM VULGARE) AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is spreading quickly, especially in Staphylococcus aureus. I discovered that this has seriously reduced the efficacy of traditional antibiotics like erythromycin and dicloxacillin. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is assessed in this study. Bioactive substances with antimicrobial qualities, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins, were found through phytochemical screening. Oregano (20 mm) and thyme (18 mm) showed notable inhibitory zones against dicloxacillin-resistant isolates in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using the disc diffusion method, while oxacillin (positive control) showed decreased activity (7–8 mm), demonstrating resistance. Effective antibacterial activity was shown by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement for both extracts at concentrations as low as 12.5 mg/ml. Phytoconstituents like thymol and carvacrol, which damage bacterial cell membranes and obstruct vital cellular processes, are thought to be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. These results imply that Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris have strong antibacterial qualities and could be useful adjunctive or alternative treatments for resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections
Antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus aureus, Multidrug-resistance bacteria (MDR), Phytochemicals, Disc diffusion assay, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
A STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION AND LONG-TERM BUSINESS GROWTH
In the research paper, you analyze environmental innovation role in creating long term sustainable competitive advantage and company growth. As a result, environmental change becomes a top priority for firms everywhere with growing responsibility for the environment, and in doing so, enterprises are under pressure to become eco-friendly. The article addresses how environmental innovation is related in impact to financial results, industry leader, brand and organizational resilience. Employing analysis tools like correlation and regression, we draw the research on primary data from 120 firms and secondary source data from credible journals and reports. The findings suggest that environmental innovation is an obvious positive predictor for not only long-term growth but also organisational sustainability. The study contributes to the literature by offering a collection of empirical evidence and practical suggestions for managers and for policy-makers. Amid the growing global concern on climate change, resource depletion and environmental destruction, the pressure on firms to practice eco-friendly practices is increasing. This research study examines how environmental innovation influences financial performance, market position, brand reputation, and organizational resilience. These data are conducted based on primary data from 120 firms and secondary data from respected journals and reports and we apply statistics, including correlation and regression analysis. It is concluded that environmental innovation has a significant relationship and positive influence on the long run growth and the sustainability of the organization. Our research aims to add to the literature, as well as provide managerial as well as policy advice.
Environmental Innovation, Sustainability, Green Entrepreneurship, Long-Term Growth, Corporate Performance, Eco-Innovation
TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY, VEGETATION STRUCTURE, AND IMPORTANCE VALUE INDICES OF SHOLA FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS, CHIKKAMAGALURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Shola forests, relict montane rainforests endemic to the Western Ghats–Nilgiris Hills complex, represent one of South Asia's most threatened yet species-rich ecosystems. Quantitative assessments of tree diversity, vegetation structure, and Importance Value Index (IVI) along elevational gradients in the Central Western Ghats remain underrepresented in the literature. This study addresses this gap through systematic vegetation sampling across 23 belt transect plots (20 × 20 m; total 0.92 ha) in Shola forests of the Bhadra Tiger Reserve (BTR; 17 plots, 0.68 ha) and the Chikkamagaluru Territorial Forest Division (CTF; 6 plots, 0.24 ha), spanning an elevational range of 1,300–1,930 m. All trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were enumerated, and vegetation structure was analysed using basal area, relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), relative dominance, IVI, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H′), Simpson's Diversity Index (D), and Pielou's Evenness Index (J′). Floristic data were cross-referenced with IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2023-1). A total of 727 trees were documented across 68 species, 33 genera, and 29 families. BTR Sholas exhibited higher species richness (59 species, 25 families; H′ = 3.3, D = 0.1, J′ = 0.80), indicative of a mature climax community, while CTF Sholas recorded 31 species and 21 families (H′ = 2.9, D= 0.07, J′ = 0.85). Lauraceae dominated both zones; in BTR, Litsea floribunda (IVI = 30.26) and Cryptocarya stocksii (IVI = 26.48) were the most prominent species, with Syzygium cumini contributing the highest basal area per species (5.78 m²). Twelve IUCN-threatened taxa were identified, underscoring the conservation urgency. Girth class distributions peaked at mid-elevations (1,500–1,700 m) and declined above 1,700 m. The Chikkamagaluru Shola forests harbour exceptional diversity, including a high proportion of endemic and threatened taxa, and provide critical ecosystem services including carbon storage, watershed regulation, and climate buffering. Lauraceae dominance and elevated late-successional IVI values confirm the climax status of these communities. Urgent conservation interventions, including invasive species removal, habitat restoration, and adaptive management, are needed. The findings provide a robust baseline dataset for SDG Target 15.4, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, and state-level conservation policy.
Shola forests; Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot; Importance Value Index; elevational gradient; Shannon-Wiener Index; tree diversity; montane ecosystem; carbon sequestration; conservation ecology
CLINICAL EFFICACY, SAFETY AND FUTURE HORIZONS OF TRASTUZUMAB DERUXTECAN (T-DXD) IN HER2 – DRIVEN TUMORS
Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd, DS-8201, Enhertu®) is a next-generation antibody drug conjugate (ADC) that has transformed HER2-targeted therapy. It combines a humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody with a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor payload via a cleavable linker enabling selective intracellular delivery and cytotoxicity while minimizing systemic exposure. The membrane permeable payload also produces a bystander killing effect allowing activity in tumors with heterogeneous or low HER2 expression. Preclinical studies demonstrated a high drug-to-antibody ratio, efficient linker cleavage and sustained tumor regression, supporting rapid clinical translation. Clinical trials and real world studies have confirmed the robust efficacy of T-DXd in HER2 positive and HER2 low breast and gastric cancers. Pivotal trials such as DESTINY-Breast01, DESTINY-Breast04 and DESTINY-Gastric01 showed significant improvements in progression free survival and objective response rates including in heavily pretreated patients. Real world evidence further validates the durable high objective response rates and meaningful survival benefits emphasizing its consistent effectiveness across diverse populations. Safety considerations include gastrointestinal toxicities, hematologic adverse events and a clinically significant risk of interstitial lung disease (ILD) highlighting the need for careful monitoring and early intervention. Challenges such as long term safety, resistance development and accessibility remain yet ongoing research aims to address these limitations. Future directions focus on combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other HER2-targeted therapies, earlier-line use and biomarker guided patient selection to enhance efficacy, resistance and optimize safety. Overall, T-DXd represents a major advancement in ADC therapy, delivering potent targeted and durable anti tumor activity. Its proven clinical benefits, real world effectiveness and ongoing exploration in broader HER2 expressing malignancies underscore its evolving role as a versatile and personalized therapeutic option for patients with HER2 driven tumors.
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), HER2 low breast cancer, HER2 positive breast cancer, Interstitial lung disease (ILD), T-DXd, Trastuzumab deruxtecan
THE IMPACT OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 76/262 ON CURBING THE ABUSE OF THE VETO POWER
This study examines the impact of United Nations General Assembly resolution 76/262 of 2022 on curbing the abusive use of the veto within the Security Council. It first presents the international context preceding the adoption of the resolution, marked by the growing paralysis of the Council resulting from the repeated use of the veto and the consequent international calls for enhanced transparency and accountability within the United Nations system. The study then clarifies the core objective of the resolution, namely the establishment of an institutional mechanism enabling the General Assembly to hold an open debate in every instance in which the veto is exercised, thereby contributing to limiting its misuse and strengthening Member States’ oversight of the justifications invoked for its use. The study further compares resolution 76/262 with the “Uniting for Peace” resolution, highlighting the difference in the role performed by each instrument. The former focuses on transparency and accountability, whereas the latter aims to empower the General Assembly to act when the Security Council is unable to discharge its responsibilities. The study concludes that, although resolution 76/262 does not restrict the legal authority of Security Council members to exercise the veto, it nonetheless constitutes an important step toward reducing its abusive use by increasing the political cost of resorting to it and by enhancing the role of the General Assembly in monitoring the work of the Security Council.
veto initiative, permanent mandate, General Assembly, Security Council, Uniting for Peace
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON FUNGAL KERATITIS
Fungal keratitis is a major inflammatory disease which affecting the cornea and visual impairment worldwide, particularly in tropical and developing regions. This disorder is often linked to risk factors such as eye injuries, prolonged contact lens wear, exposure to agricultural settings and weakened immune systems. The key pathogens identified are species of Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium. Managing fungal keratitis presents significant challenges, factors such as insufficient corneal drug penetration, limited ocular bioavailability, extended treatment regimens, increasing antifungal resistance and the risk of systemic side effects frequently complicate the achievement of optimal outcomes. These hurdles can lead to patients not sticking to their treatment plans, which can impact their recovery. Additionally, delays in clinical diagnosis and the limited effectiveness of traditional diagnostic methods can allow the disease to progress, sometimes causing complications like corneal opacity, thinning, perforation, and even permanent vision loss. Recent studies show that fungal keratitis is becoming more advanced. They highlight how the immune response of the host, the virulence factors of the fungus, and the formation of biofilms can sometimes make treatments less effective. Innovative ways to treat fungal infections, like using advanced drug delivery systems for the eyes and combining different therapies. This review really gets into the practical facts of fungal keratitis talking about how common it is, what causes it, how it impacts the body, the latest clinical trials, how we go about diagnosing it, and what treatment options are available at the moment.
Fungal keratitis; ocular drug delivery; sustained release; antifungal resistance; ophthalmic formulation
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE EMPLOYEES’ PRODUCTIVITY – A STUDY ON ANDHRA PRADESH STATE SKILL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
Skill development refers to the systematic process of identifying, acquiring, and enhancing the abilities required to perform tasks effectively in personal and professional contexts. It encompasses both technical (hard) skills and behavioral (soft) skills, enabling individuals to adapt to changing economic and organizational environments. The present study examines the socio-economic profile of the respondents in the study area and the relevancy of training programs that synchronizes the trainees job roles. The study further analyzes the relationship between the types of training programs attended by the trainees and their satisfaction with regard to development initiatives. The study adopts Descriptive Research Design . Both primary and secondary data were utilized for drawing conclusions from the study. Convenience sampling method was adopted for the research study and interview schedule method was employed to extract the primary data from the selected self-employed youth respondents. The sampling area selected for the study was Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. The sample size comprises 120 respondents. The nature of the sample respondents was that of the self-employed youth who had undergone training programs under various schemes of APSSDC and those involved in production and service sectors from Micro and Small enterprises . The statistical tools like ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficient Test were applied for drawing the research inferences. The study result shows that there exists a significant relationship between training outcomes and the relevancy of training programs to trainees job role and it further reveals that there exists a significant relationship between the types of training programs attended and the satisfaction levels of the trainees with regard to their development initiatives.
Skill Development, Training Programs, Employee Productivity
A VALIDATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC APPROACH FOR THE CONCURRENT ESTIMATION OF PARACETAMOL AND METHOCARBAMOL IN COMBINED TABLET FORMULATIONS WITH PRACTICALITY AND GREENNESS ASSESSMENT
equation (Vierordt’s) approach was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of paracetamol (PTM) and methocarbamol (MCM) in combined tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes absorbance measurements at 250 nm and 225 nm for PTM and MCM, respectively, eliminating the need for prior separation. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Specificity studies confirmed the absence of interference from excipients at the selected wavelengths. The method exhibited good linearity over the concentration ranges of 4–24 µg/mL for PTM and 16–32 µg/mL for MCM. Accuracy was assessed by recovery studies, yielding values in the range of 99.49–109.24% for PTM and 94.59–113.79% for MCM. Precision studies demonstrated good repeatability and reproducibility, with %RSD values less than 2% for both intraday and interday analyses. The LOD and LOQ values indicated adequate sensitivity of the method. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of a marketed formulation, with assay results of 95% for PTM and 98.2% for MCM. Ruggedness and robustness studies confirmed the reliability of the method under small variations in analytical conditions. Furthermore, greenness evaluation using GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI tools demonstrated that the method is environmentally sustainable, simple, and suitable for routine quality control applications. This study reports a novel simultaneous equation-based UV method for this drug combination, providing an efficient alternative to more complex analytical techniques.
Simultaneous equation method (Vierordt’s method), UV spectrophotometry, Paracetamol, Methocarbamol, Method validation (ICH guidelines), Green analytical chemistry